Економіка розвитку систем

LABOUR NON-DECLARATION AS A FACTOR OF THE POPULATION LIVING STANDARDS: CONSEQUENCES, REGULATION MECHANISMS

Larysa Bogush — 2025-01-30

The purpose of the article is to study the consequences of the employment and labour non-declaration for the population standards of living and working potential reproduction, as well as to substantiate systemic approaches to regulating and preventing the totality of the undeclared labour negative impacts in Ukraine. The undeclared labour is the labour activities carried out on a basis of agreements between a worker and an employer, which are usually concluded without taking into account the current legislatively approved standards for the working hours’ duration, volumes, productivity, and payment for the labour, and generally do not provide for reliable fiscal reporting on the volumes of performed labour and achieved work results (quantitative, financial). Functioning in the formal and shadow employment, the undeclared work has a clear systemic negative impact on the filling of state and local budgets, mandatory state insurance funds (in particular, pension), implementing state goals and mechanisms for socio-economic development, observance of socio-labour rights, social protection of workers and the entire population. On the other hand, working unofficially, colluding with the employer to conceal the legal labour volume and results completely or partially, not declaring the income from entrepreneurship or self-employment, a person increases the amount of available working and living capital, savings and accumulations, improves his life level and standards. The research methodology is based on the generalization, comparison, analysis of factors, manifestations and consequences of the undeclared work for the reproduction and improvement of the population labour potential and employment sphere, as well as on the synthesis of obtained results into approaches for optimizing national policy and practices of tracking and preventing these violations of legislatively approved socio-labour relations. The complexity of undeclared labour as a socio-economic phenomenon of the modern globalized world and as the employment model of the population significant share with a large number of features and factors determines the leading criterion for forming and implementing the effective policies to regulate it. The essence of this criterion is to balance the economy-wide, sectoral and industry-specific, inspection and supervising, as well as preventive measures with the involvement of authorized structures for regulating and monitoring socio-labour relations, the employment sphere and labour market, law enforcement bodies, civil society institutions (including those for trilateral cooperation). Given the trends and features of the undeclared labour in Ukraine, its regulation policy should focus primarily on the mechanisms and levers for identifying and restraining this employment model with a consecutive increase in the share of systemic measures for preventing the undeclared labour and its transforming into the official employment. The main guideline of the fair labour declaration policy is the simultaneous reduction of the undeclared labour advantages for both employers and workers (employees, self-employed).

THE EMERGENCE OF SHARING AND CIRCULAR ECONOMIES THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Nataliia Kraus — 2025-02-18

The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is influenced by the possibility of simultaneously introducing the features of the circular and sharing economy into the coordinate system of the national economy. If the country’s government supports the development of these economies, the Sustainable Development Goals will be quickly taken up for implementation by legal entities and individuals. The purpose of the article is to propose a basic model of the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and the sharing economy and the circular economy, to identify its characteristic features, and to present their ecological actualization. To achieve the specified goal, the work used methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping, generalization, comparison, tabular, and systemic methods, which allowed for a comprehensive study of existing scientific developments on the issues of sharing and circular economies, to solve the tasks set for scientists, and to outline the prospects for future research. The results obtained consist in substantiating and revealing the features of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals through the development of sharing and circular economies. It is indicated that the determinants of the development of these economies are: an increase not only in the number of people on the planet, but also in its density; the development of new generation information and communication technologies. The basic components of the sharing economy and the foundation on which the development of the circular economy is based are clarified. A basic model of the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and the sharing economy and the circular economy is presented. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the features of the development of the circular and sharing economies, indicating that the goal of the development of the sharing economy is the ability to use goods without the right to own them. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the authors expressed the opinion that the government should institutionally support the introduction of environmental technologies into production and encourage a resource-saving business policy that would develop on the basis of environmental certification. Scientists are of the opinion that it makes sense to support the development of digital entrepreneurship, the activities of which are based on the Sustainable Development Goals, namely: energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, accessibility, and innovation. It is worth cultivating thrift and smart consumption among the population.

IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY IN THE TOURISM SECTOR

Halyna Ilnytska-Hykavchuk — 2025-03-31

The prevailing trend in the development of tourism is to enhance the accessibility of tourist services for all segments of society. To this end, a range of measures must be implemented at both the state and local levels, as well as by the enterprises themselves. The present paper explores the merits and drawbacks of the various modes of transport utilised in the provision of tourist services. It is determined that in the future the transport offer in tourism will develop in the following directions: increasing the environmental friendliness of transport, ecological types of transport; accessibility of transport offer for people with disabilities; increased attention to travel safety; improvement of transport infrastructure. It is noted that the main barriers faced by tourists with disabilities are: inaccessibility of transport infrastructure facilities; low quality of service provided by support staff; insufficient awareness of service providers; lack of information about accessible facilities, services, relevant websites; lack of accessible rooms in hotels, restaurants and public places. This paper sets out the measures that local authorities and heads of transport infrastructure enterprises should take to improve accessibility. The measures to ensure the accessibility of various types of transport are disclosed, as are the best foreign experiences in the field of infrastructure accessibility for people with disabilities. It is established that the implementation of the concept of universal design will help solve the problems of service accessibility for clients with disabilities. In order to develop the transport infrastructure, in particular with regard to accessibility, it is necessary to implement the following measures: improve legislation on transport and its accessibility; involve people with disabilities in the development of legislation and policies in the field of barrier-free development; increase investment in the transport sector; professional training of specialists; improve transport infrastructure; introduce innovations; increase control over operators and the quality of services; disseminate information on websites; impose sanctions for breaches of accessibility legislation; inform service users of their rights and obligations.

POST-WAR RECOVERY OF REGIONAL ECONOMIES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Denys Burykh — 2025-05-04

The article examines the conceptual underpinnings of the formation, functioning and restoration of financial infrastructure as a systemic element of the economy, particularly in the post-crisis period. The key role of financial infrastructure in ensuring the stability of the economic system, maintaining financial flows and stimulating economic growth in the midst of significant transformation challenges is highlighted. The analysis focuses on the relationship between institutional and regulatory barriers, which have a significant impact on the efficiency of financial institutions and markets. The institutional issues that have been identified are as follows: the fragmentation of financial flows; a low level of coordination between state and regional financial institutions; the limited ability of financial institutions to respond quickly to crises; insufficient integration of international standards; and weak communication among actors within the financial system. Of particular pertinence are the regulatory barriers that impede the recovery of financial infrastructure, such as the instability of the regulatory environment, the over-regulation of procedures, the absence of long-term regulatory strategies, and a lack of transparency in regulatory decisions. The article considers the consequences of these issues, including a slowdown in economic rehabilitation, a decline in trust in financial institutions, a shortage of investment resources, and increased risks to financial stability. The author puts forward a number of recommendations for overcoming these barriers, including the reform of financial institutions to enhance their capacity, the harmonisation of legislation with international standards, the digitalisation of financial processes, the development of public-private partnership mechanisms, and the promotion of financial inclusion. The importance of implementing innovative technologies, such as automated financial flow monitoring systems and platforms for integrating financial institutions into a unified ecosystem, is emphasised. The conclusions may serve as a theoretical basis for further research in the field of economics and finance, as well as be used to develop practical recommendations for reforming Ukraine's financial system in the context of post-crisis recovery.

DECOMPOSITION OF ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: FROM CONTRACT TO FINANCIAL REPORT

Olena Kolisnyk — 2025-05-04

The article examines the features of decomposing accounting procedures in foreign economic activities (FEA), which is considered a systemic tool for improving the efficiency of accounting support for international operations. The necessity to harmonise national and international financial reporting standards is emphasised, with the objective being to ensure transparency and reliability of information. The article further substantiates the relevance of a systematic approach to the structuring of accounting processes in FEA, with a view to minimising risks associated with the legal, economic and financial aspects of international contracts. It has been demonstrated that decomposition serves as a pivotal instrument for the enhancement of accounting procedures, facilitating the comprehensive documentation of all phases, from the initiation of contracts to the formulation of financial statements. The present study proposes a conceptual model of accounting flow decomposition, taking into account the specifics of transactional costs, customs regulations, and foreign exchange operations. Of particular note is the analysis of customs procedures as a component of the cost of import-export operations, which directly impact the financial performance of enterprises. The methodological foundations for automating accounting processes through ERP systems and blockchain technologies are identified, enabling the integration of accounting data and enhancing the efficiency and transparency of management systems. The article undertakes a detailed analysis of regulatory requirements, with particular reference to IFRS 15 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" and IFRS 9 "Financial Instruments". These standards mandate the detailed documentation of accounting operations in order to comply with the principle of substance over form. The significance of the prudence principle in evaluating the risks associated with currency fluctuations and customs costs is also substantiated. The findings of the research indicate that decomposition fosters the establishment of a reporting system characterised by enhanced transparency, a system which is found to satisfy the requirements of investors, regulators, and other relevant stakeholders. The proposed approaches have practical significance for enterprises engaged in FEA, as they enable risk minimisation, improve management efficiency, and ensure compliance with international standards. The research findings can be applied in both academic and practical contexts to enhance the accounting policies of companies operating in the global business environment.

TRANSFORMATION OF TRANSFER PRICING POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF ESG-ORIENTED BUSINESS STRATEGIES

Volodymyr Kraievskyi — 2025-05-04

The article examines the transformation of transfer pricing policy in the context of modern challenges in the global economy, particularly the integration of ESG-oriented business strategies. The authors demonstrate that the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects into corporate governance systems is reshaping approaches to transfer pricing analysis, driven by the need to harmonise the financial interests of businesses with sustainable development goals. The article goes on to provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical underpinnings of ESG metrics, which are progressively emerging as a novel metric for evaluating the efficiency of intra-group transactions. These metrics take into account environmental innovations, social responsibility, and transparency in governance processes. The study demonstrates that the integration of environmental initiatives, such as carbon regulation, renewable energy development, and ecological innovation, presents new challenges for transfer pricing systems. Specifically, it is contended that environmental responsibility introduces complexity to the comparability analysis, necessitating the incorporation of additional factors in functional analysis. Furthermore, social aspects, such as ensuring gender equality, promoting inclusivity, and fostering social justice, necessitate adapting valuation methods for intra-group transactions. The following governance factors have been identified as providing the basis for improving traditional transfer pricing methods: transparency of corporate governance, compliance with non-financial reporting standards (GRI, SASB) and the introduction of digital tools for monitoring transactions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of regulatory initiatives, such as the OECD transfer pricing guidelines and the Pillar Two concept, which introduces global minimum taxation rules. The article examines the potential adaptation of these rules to the specifics of multinational corporations' activities using ESG approaches. The application of digital tools, including the automation of accounting processes and the utilisation of artificial intelligence for risk modelling, has been demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of monitoring intra-group transactions. The study also emphasises the importance of documenting transfer operations with consideration of non-financial factors, promoting the harmonisation of international transfer pricing practices. The study proposes a conceptual model for integrating ESG metrics into transfer pricing policy, which accounts for the multifactorial influence of environmental, social, and governance indicators on transfer price formation. In order to validate the practical significance of this approach, the case method was used to examine real-world practices of companies such as Tesla, Unilever, Amazon, and others in adapting their transfer pricing policies to the contemporary challenges of sustainable development. The findings emphasise that adopting ESG-oriented approaches to transfer pricing is not only a regulatory requirement but also a tool for enhancing business competitive advantages. The conclusions of the article have practical significance for improving transfer pricing policies, developing risk management methodologies, and ensuring compliance with sustainable development requirements.

FINANCIAL INVERSION IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS AN APPROACH TO HIDDEN RISK ASSESSMENT

Yurii Myskin — 2025-05-04

The article examines financial inversion in foreign economic activity (FEA) as a multifactorial process influencing the financial stability of enterprises in the context of the global economy. The specific features of this phenomenon are emphasised, as they significantly affect risk management in transnational operations. The study identifies currency volatility, geopolitical changes, and regulatory barriers as pivotal factors that intensify the challenges faced by enterprises, compelling them to explore novel financial planning approaches. It is shown that traditional risk management tools are insufficiently effective under conditions of high economic uncertainty, creating a demand for the implementation of adaptive models for managing financial flows. The article systematises conceptual approaches to the identification and assessment of hidden risks associated with financial inversion. Particular attention is paid to causal analysis methods that provide deeper insights into the nature of this phenomenon. The practical importance of tools such as economic and mathematical modelling and forecasting is considered, demonstrating their utility in determining the long-term consequences of financial inversions for enterprises engaged in FEA. The application of scenario analysis is highlighted as a crucial component for evaluating alternative risk management strategies. The study also focuses on the development of adaptive strategies to mitigate the impact of financial inversions on the outcomes of foreign economic activity. The research emphasises that such strategies should be grounded in the integration of contemporary technologies for big data analysis, the automation of risk management processes, and the utilisation of digital platforms for financial flow monitoring. These approaches have the dual benefits of risk minimisation and enhanced financial transparency in an international context. The findings of the study highlight the necessity to enhance financial inversion management tools with a view to mitigating their deleterious effect on the economic performance of enterprises. The proposed recommendations are designed to enhance business adaptability to changes in the external environment, increase competitiveness, and ensure sustainable development. The article's materials may be useful for professionals in international economics, financial management, and auditing, as well as for researchers studying risks in foreign economic activity.

AUDIT OF TRANSNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY THROUGH THE LENS OF INFORMATION ASYMMETRY

Alla Savchenko — 2025-05-04

The article examines the role of auditing transnational transactions in foreign economic activity through the lens of information asymmetry. It shows that in a globalised economy, where international operations are complicated by multiple layers of regulation, cultural barriers and currency risks, information asymmetry becomes a fundamental challenge to ensuring the transparency and reliability of financial reporting. It finds that unequal access to data increases the risk of financial distortions, which negatively affects managerial decisions and the efficiency of transnational transactions. The paper examines the theoretical aspects of information asymmetry, its manifestations in transnational transactions, and its implications for auditing. This study places particular emphasis on the role of auditors in identifying informational distortions, conducting risk analyses, and ensuring transactions adhere to international standards. The research methodology encompasses an analysis of regulatory documents, including International Standards on Auditing (ISA), and their comparison with local regulatory requirements. The practical aspect focuses on analysing specific risks, including legal, currency, and reputational risks associated with transnational transactions. It has been shown that effective auditing of cross-border transactions requires the integration of innovative approaches to information management, such as the automation of data collection and analysis processes, the use of digital platforms and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms. Moreover, the necessity of harmonising international and local regulatory standards is substantiated in order to minimise discrepancies in reporting requirements and ensure transparency in operations. The proposed recommendations are aimed at improving auditing methodologies through the implementation of proactive risk assessment approaches and the development of adaptive strategies tailored to changes in the regulatory environment and global economic trends. The conclusions of the article hold practical value for auditors, financial analysts, and transnational corporations seeking to enhance the efficiency of their foreign economic activities.

ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL EXPERIENCE IN INTERNET TRADE: A REVIEW OF A SUCCESSFUL E-COMMERCE CASE

Solomiia Ohinok — 2025-05-04

In the context of ongoing economic transformations and rapid technological advancement, an analysis of global e-commerce experiences is essential for formulating effective strategies to ensure the sustainable development of this sector. This article examines key trends, challenges, and opportunities within the global e-commerce landscape, focusing on business models that have succeeded in highly competitive digital markets. In light of the exponential growth in online commerce, propelled by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), big data, automation, and evolving consumer preferences, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the success of significant e-commerce platforms is imperative. The present study seeks to identify the fundamental success factors of leading e-commerce enterprises and assess their adaptability to the evolving global economic environment. A comparative analysis of business models employed by industry leaders such as Amazon, Alibaba, and JD.com is conducted to determine best practices in customer engagement, logistics optimization, and technological integration. Moreover, the research explores key trends that are likely to shape the future of online trade. These include the hyper-personalisation of shopping experiences, AI-driven recommendation systems, seamless omnichannel retailing, automation of fulfilment centres, the expansion of contactless payment systems, and the integration of blockchain technologies to enhance transactional security. The study also considers the implications of regulatory policies and data protection measures for the growth of e-commerce enterprises across different regions. By synthesising insights from global best practices, this research highlights universal mechanisms for scaling online businesses, strengthening supply chain resilience, and improving operational efficiency. The practical significance of this study lies in its provision of concrete recommendations for enterprises aiming to harness digital transformation to enhance their market position. The findings are of particular relevance to organisations seeking to implement innovative technological solutions, optimise their e-commerce strategies, and reinforce their competitive advantage in an increasingly digitised global economy.

ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF RESPONSIBLE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Oksana Liashenko — 2025-05-04

Addressing the global imperative of sustainable development requires a comprehensive, data- driven understanding of how individuals make consumption decisions when personal economic incentives conflict with broader collective ecological interests. This study investigates the behavioural mechanisms underpinning responsible consumer choices by integrating social preference theory with decision- framing effects. The research employs the Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) framework, accommodating bounded rationality and probabilistic strategic behaviour, to model the dynamic interaction between private utility and environmental responsibility. A behavioural experiment involving 215 participants was conducted using the oTree experimental platform. The study incorporated the Social Value Orientation (SVO) Slider Measure to elicit individual prosocial preferences and a ten- round interactive “Green Consumer Game,” in which participants chose among strategies differing in personal payoff levels and ecological consequences, under either gain (reward) or loss (penalty) framing conditions. QRE- based choice probabilities were calibrated using maximum likelihood estimation of the rationality parameter within logit models implemented in Python. The empirical findings demonstrate that individuals with stronger social preferences are significantly more likely to choose environmentally responsible strategies. Framing has a robust effect: reward- based framing was considerably more effective in promoting pro- social decision- making than penalty- based framing. The QRE model achieved superior predictive accuracy compared to the classical Nash Equilibrium (RMSE 0. 069 vs. 0. 079), validating its empirical utility in ethically constrained decision contexts. This study' s novelty and theoretical value lie in applying QRE to ecologically motivated dilemmas, offering a quantitative assessment of how moral preferences and framing jointly shape consumer choice under uncertainty. Its practical contribution provides policymakers and sustainability practitioners with actionable insights for designing behavioural interventions, incentive schemes, and strategic messaging to encourage sustainable consumption across diverse socioeconomic environments.