Економіка розвитку систем

LABOUR NON-DECLARATION AS A FACTOR OF THE POPULATION LIVING STANDARDS: CONSEQUENCES, REGULATION MECHANISMS

Larysa Bogush — 2025-01-30

The purpose of the article is to study the consequences of the employment and labour non-declaration for the population standards of living and working potential reproduction, as well as to substantiate systemic approaches to regulating and preventing the totality of the undeclared labour negative impacts in Ukraine. The undeclared labour is the labour activities carried out on a basis of agreements between a worker and an employer, which are usually concluded without taking into account the current legislatively approved standards for the working hours’ duration, volumes, productivity, and payment for the labour, and generally do not provide for reliable fiscal reporting on the volumes of performed labour and achieved work results (quantitative, financial). Functioning in the formal and shadow employment, the undeclared work has a clear systemic negative impact on the filling of state and local budgets, mandatory state insurance funds (in particular, pension), implementing state goals and mechanisms for socio-economic development, observance of socio-labour rights, social protection of workers and the entire population. On the other hand, working unofficially, colluding with the employer to conceal the legal labour volume and results completely or partially, not declaring the income from entrepreneurship or self-employment, a person increases the amount of available working and living capital, savings and accumulations, improves his life level and standards. The research methodology is based on the generalization, comparison, analysis of factors, manifestations and consequences of the undeclared work for the reproduction and improvement of the population labour potential and employment sphere, as well as on the synthesis of obtained results into approaches for optimizing national policy and practices of tracking and preventing these violations of legislatively approved socio-labour relations. The complexity of undeclared labour as a socio-economic phenomenon of the modern globalized world and as the employment model of the population significant share with a large number of features and factors determines the leading criterion for forming and implementing the effective policies to regulate it. The essence of this criterion is to balance the economy-wide, sectoral and industry-specific, inspection and supervising, as well as preventive measures with the involvement of authorized structures for regulating and monitoring socio-labour relations, the employment sphere and labour market, law enforcement bodies, civil society institutions (including those for trilateral cooperation). Given the trends and features of the undeclared labour in Ukraine, its regulation policy should focus primarily on the mechanisms and levers for identifying and restraining this employment model with a consecutive increase in the share of systemic measures for preventing the undeclared labour and its transforming into the official employment. The main guideline of the fair labour declaration policy is the simultaneous reduction of the undeclared labour advantages for both employers and workers (employees, self-employed).

THE EMERGENCE OF SHARING AND CIRCULAR ECONOMIES THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Nataliia Kraus — 2025-02-18

The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is influenced by the possibility of simultaneously introducing the features of the circular and sharing economy into the coordinate system of the national economy. If the country’s government supports the development of these economies, the Sustainable Development Goals will be quickly taken up for implementation by legal entities and individuals. The purpose of the article is to propose a basic model of the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and the sharing economy and the circular economy, to identify its characteristic features, and to present their ecological actualization. To achieve the specified goal, the work used methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping, generalization, comparison, tabular, and systemic methods, which allowed for a comprehensive study of existing scientific developments on the issues of sharing and circular economies, to solve the tasks set for scientists, and to outline the prospects for future research. The results obtained consist in substantiating and revealing the features of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals through the development of sharing and circular economies. It is indicated that the determinants of the development of these economies are: an increase not only in the number of people on the planet, but also in its density; the development of new generation information and communication technologies. The basic components of the sharing economy and the foundation on which the development of the circular economy is based are clarified. A basic model of the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and the sharing economy and the circular economy is presented. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the features of the development of the circular and sharing economies, indicating that the goal of the development of the sharing economy is the ability to use goods without the right to own them. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the authors expressed the opinion that the government should institutionally support the introduction of environmental technologies into production and encourage a resource-saving business policy that would develop on the basis of environmental certification. Scientists are of the opinion that it makes sense to support the development of digital entrepreneurship, the activities of which are based on the Sustainable Development Goals, namely: energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, accessibility, and innovation. It is worth cultivating thrift and smart consumption among the population.

IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY IN THE TOURISM SECTOR

Halyna Ilnytska-Hykavchuk — 2025-03-31

The prevailing trend in the development of tourism is to enhance the accessibility of tourist services for all segments of society. To this end, a range of measures must be implemented at both the state and local levels, as well as by the enterprises themselves. The present paper explores the merits and drawbacks of the various modes of transport utilised in the provision of tourist services. It is determined that in the future the transport offer in tourism will develop in the following directions: increasing the environmental friendliness of transport, ecological types of transport; accessibility of transport offer for people with disabilities; increased attention to travel safety; improvement of transport infrastructure. It is noted that the main barriers faced by tourists with disabilities are: inaccessibility of transport infrastructure facilities; low quality of service provided by support staff; insufficient awareness of service providers; lack of information about accessible facilities, services, relevant websites; lack of accessible rooms in hotels, restaurants and public places. This paper sets out the measures that local authorities and heads of transport infrastructure enterprises should take to improve accessibility. The measures to ensure the accessibility of various types of transport are disclosed, as are the best foreign experiences in the field of infrastructure accessibility for people with disabilities. It is established that the implementation of the concept of universal design will help solve the problems of service accessibility for clients with disabilities. In order to develop the transport infrastructure, in particular with regard to accessibility, it is necessary to implement the following measures: improve legislation on transport and its accessibility; involve people with disabilities in the development of legislation and policies in the field of barrier-free development; increase investment in the transport sector; professional training of specialists; improve transport infrastructure; introduce innovations; increase control over operators and the quality of services; disseminate information on websites; impose sanctions for breaches of accessibility legislation; inform service users of their rights and obligations.